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This study was carried out on ?sh channa punctatus to investigate the lethal concentration of copper acetate on ?sh channa punctatus at 48 hr. Experiment procedure was repeated ?ve times at the selected copper acetate concentrations, noting the number of ?sh killed. The mean values was taken. These values was taken to determine LC50 value for 48 hr. By Dragstedt and Behrens Method
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This study was carried out on ?sh channa punctatus to investigate the lethal concentration of cadmium nitrate on ?sh channa punctatus at 48 hr. Experiment procedure was repeated ?ve times at the selected cadmium nitrate concentrations, noting the number of ?sh killed. The mean value was taken. These values were taken to determine LC50 value for 48 hr.
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Aim: This study aimed to infer the ameliorative potential of Withania somnifera (‘Ashwagandha’) against hexavalent chromium induced micronuclei in Channa punctatus.Methodology: After laboratory acclimatization of 15 days, C. punctatus (12.20 cm, 42 g) were maintained in six groups. Group I, served as control. Fishes of groups II and III were separately exposed to root extract of W. somnifera (3 mg l-1) and 96 hr-LC50/10 of Cr (VI), 7.89 mg l-1, respectively, for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr. Contrarily, the fish of groups IV, V and VI were exposed to 7.89 mg l-1 of Cr (VI) along with increasing concentrations of root extract of W. somnifera (1, 2, 3 mg l-1), respectively. Induction of micronuclei was assessed in fishes of all the six groups after stipulated exposure periods. Results: A significant induction (p<0.05) in micronuclei frequency was observed in Group-III as compared to the control. On contrary, there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in frequency of micronuclei induction with increasing concentrations of root extract of W. somnifera, as compared to Group-III, after stipulated exposure periods in a dose and time-dependent manner. Interpretation: Preliminary investigations evinced that the root extract of W. somnifera has enough ameliorative potential against short term sub-lethal exposure to Cr (VI) induced genomic instability, i.e., micronuclei induction in C. punctatus.
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Aim: The present study was performed to evaluate the genotoxic effect of 4-nonylphenol after acute and subchronic exposure in spleen tissue of Channa punctatus, recovery in DNA damage was also ascertained after 30 days of cessation of exposure.Methodology: Tail length (TL), tail intensity (TI), tail moment (TM), Olive tail moment (OTM) was used as biological indicators of DNA damage. The fish were exposed to different sublethal concentrations of 4-NP for 96 hrs (acute exposure) and for 90 days (sub chronic exposure). Results: Exposed groups showed significantly higher DNA damage in both acute and sub chronic exposure as compared to control groups. In the case of acute exposure, the highest damage was observed at 24 hr of exposure followed by a decline in the value of all the parameters, while in the later hours of exposure these value further increased. On the other hand, in the case of sub-chronic exposure, the highest damage was observed after treatment with 0.10 mg l-1 concentration of 4-NP at 90 days of exposure. Recovery experiment showed a decrease in the values of all the parameter’s studied, however, a significant decrease was observed only at the highest concentration. Interpretation: The results conclude the DNA damaging potential of 4-nonylphenol and highlighted the usage of spleen tissue for genotoxicity testing
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Aim: To investigate the remedial potential of Rauwolfia serpentina root extract against genotoxic alterations induced by exposure of carbofuran formulation in freshwater teleost, Channa punctatus. Methodology: Ten days acclimatized fish were categorized in three groups, Group 1 (control), Group 2 (0.09 mg l-1 carbofuran formulation) and group 3 (0.09 mg l-1 carbofuran formulation +10 ppm ethanolic extract of Rauwolfia serpentina). Genotoxic alterations were recorded in terms of single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) and micronucleus (MN) assay in blood cells. The variation in comet tail length and micronuclei frequencies were compared among Group 1, 2 and 3 after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr. Results: A significant (p<0.05) increase was observed in comet tail length and micronuclei induction in carbofuran formulation exposed group. The longest comet length and peak of micronuclei frequencies were observed after 96 hr of carbofuran formulation exposure. However, an appreciable and gradual decline in both frequencies of micronuclei and comet tail length were observed in group 3 (combined Carbofuran formulation and Rauwolfia serpentina root extract) in comparison to group 2 (Carbofuran formulation). Interpretation: The study, thus, demonstrates ameliorative potential of Rauwolfia serpentina root extract against carbofuran formulation induced genotoxicity in fish.
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River pollution due to rapid industrialization and anthropogenic activities adversely affects the aquatic organisms, especially fish. Here, we assessed the genotoxicity, mutagenicity and bioaccumulative aspects of tannery effluents in freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus, an inhabitant of river Gange. Test specimens were collected from three different polluted sites of the river within and nearby Kanpur area during different seasons and blood samples of these specimens were processed for comet assay and micronucleus test as genotoxicity biomarkers. A significantly (P <0.05) higher micronuclei induction, nuclear abnormalities and % tail DNA was observed in the specimens collected from the polluted sites. Bioaccumulation studies in the muscle (1.202 µg/g) and gill tissues (<0.300 µg/g) of the specimens revealed the concentration of chromium (core component of tanning industry) above the maximum permissible limits as prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO). The findings of the present analysis indicated contamination of river Ganges with tannery effluents which induce genotoxicity in fish with seasonal variation.
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Channa punctatus is a common fresh water fish abundantly distributed in ponds, beels and canals of India. The fish is regularly consumed because of its high nutritional value. Heavy metals are common pollutants of the aquatic environment because of their persistent and tendency to concentrate in aquatic organisms. This freshwater fish is continuously exposed to arsenic toxicity as this metalloid enters the body through gills and arsenic contaminated food. Fresh water C. punctatus were exposed to different concentrations of sodium arsenite for varied span of time in controlled laboratory condition to measure physiological responses. Data is indicative of cellular stress in C. punctatus that may lead to decline population size in its natural habitat.
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In this study, Channa punctatus was treated with sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin (6.6 µg/L) for 5, 10 and 15 days and its effect on total CYP 450 and the activity of hepatic CYP450 isoforms measured. Total CYP450 content and CYP1A mediated EROD activity was significantly induced (p<0.05) in all three treated groups compared to control whereas only 15 days treated group showed significant induction in CYP2B mediated N,Ndimethylaniline demethylase activity. CYP2E1 mediated aniline hydroxylase activity showed only a marginal increase while there was inhibition of CYP3A4 mediated erythromycin demethylase activity. Liver somatic index (LSI) also showed a marginal increase in all the treated groups. Results showed differential induction of CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2E1 and inhibition of CYP3A4 isoform due to cypermethrin treatment in C. punctatus. The study clearly showed CYP1A isoform as the most responsive and important biomarker for monitoring the aquatic pollution.
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A comparative study was conducted for the food items and feeding pattern of Channa punctatus in pond environment and in reservoir of Tarai region in Uttarakhand state.Observation was made for body length, gut length, food and feeding frequency and qualitative and quantitative analysis of gut content.Both, body length and gut length were in higher side with a ratio of 1:2.1 for the natural fish stock of reservoir. Gut content mainly consists of crustacean, insects, mollusks, small fishes and semi-digested material. There was significant difference for the percent occurrence of the food items (p < 0.01) of natural stock of reservoir and pond reared stock. The study revealed that seasonal variability of natural food items in different habitats and their biological diversity put impacts on the biological needs in terms of food and feeding pattern of the same fish species.
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In oviparous organisms, yolk accumulation in the oocytes is critical and indispensable for the development of the newly hatched young ones. In fish and many other oviparous vertebrates, the major constituents of the egg-yolk are synthesized as a precursor in the liver. The precursor is transported to the oocyte for uptake and cleaved into major yolk proteins lipovitellin, phosvitin and β’-components. The eggs of Channa punctatus are pelagic, have large oil globule and exceptionally high lipid content. Lipovitellin was isolated by single step gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose 6B. Purified native lipovitellin showed immunological reactivity with vitellogenin antiserum. Phosvitin isolated by phenol extraction method could not be visualized with routine protein staining methods, whereas incorporation of trivalent ions in the coomassie brilliant blue stained phosvitin. It was characterized by in vivo labeling of egg-yolk proteins with 32P. The molecular mass of murrel phosvitin was less than 14,000 kDa.
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Impact of alphamethrin (synthetic pyrethroid) on profiles of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), catalase (CAT), DNA, RNA and protein in liver, brain, gill and skeletal muscle of the freshwater food fish Channa punctatus were investigated. Exposure of sublethal concentration of alphamethrin (0.018 ppm for 14 days) increased the activity of LDH in liver (1.8 fold), brain (1.4 fold), gill(1.6 fold), and skeletal muscle(2.2 fold) of the fish. However, it significantly decreased the activity of CAT in the tissues of liver (54%), skeletal muscle (52%), gill (51%) and brain (49%) of the fish. Similarly, DNA (skeletal muscle (36%), liver (30%), brain (28%) and gill (25%)) RNA (liver (42%), brain (32%), gill (35%) and skeletal muscle (45%) ) and protein content (45%), brain (42%), gill (36%), and skeletal muscle (27%)) declined in different tissues of the fish exposed to alphamethrin. Maximum increase in the level of LDH was in skeletal muscle (2.2 fold) and minimum in brain (1.4 fold). Maximum reduction in CAT profile was in liver (54%), and minimum in brain (49%). Declines in DNA was maximum in skeletal muscle (36%) and minimum in gill (25%) whereas RNA and protein content were maximum in liver (42% and 45% respectively) and minimum in skeletal muscle (45% and 27% respectively). Alphamethrin was toxic to the freshwater fish due to its inducing effect on anaerobic enzyme (LDH) and inhibitory effect on antioxidant enzyme (CAT), DNA, RNA and protein. This reflected alphamethrin associated increase in anaerobiosis and decrease in oxidative defense and impairment in protein synthesizing capacity of C. punctatus. Further, induction in LDH and reduction in CAT and protein profile may be used as biomarker of alphamethrin toxicity in fish.
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The present study was carried out to evaluate the immunostimulant potential of vitamin A in fish. Channa punctatus was chosen for the present study and divided into 3 groups. ‘A’ group was uninfected, both ‘B’ & ‘C’ groups were infected with A.hydrophila and only ‘C’ group was injected with 0.025ml of vitamin A. Haematological parameters were analysed on 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, 21 & 26th day. The total erythrocyte counts and total leucocyte counts exhibited marked increase in vitamin A administered (‘C’ group) fishes when compared to ‘A’ & ‘B’ groups. In differential leucocyte counts the lymphocytes and neutrophils exhibited an increasing trend in both ‘B’ & ‘C’ groups but it was significantly higher in vitamin A administered fishes. Further monocyte counts were significantly higher in ‘C’ group fishes and a gradual declining trend was observed. When the serum of “C’ group fishes were titrated with the pathogen in 96 well microtitre plate exhibited agglutination which further supports the increase in lymphocyte counts as a specific immune response. Thus vitamin A can be administered to improve the general resistance in fishes.
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In an aquatic environment, there is a profound and inverse relationship between environment quality and disease status of fish. Parasites are one of the most serious limiting factors in aquaculture. Therefore, the present investigation has been undertaken to sort out the population dynamics of Pallisentis (Acanthocephala), in relation to host sex from freshwater fishes, Channa of Rohilkhand region. A total of 517 fishes (Channa punctatus, n= 198 and C. striatus, n= 319) were examined regularly from August 2006 to February 2010. Overall prevalence of Pallisentis in C. striatus was higher in females (67.78%) as compared to males (63.52%). In case of C. punctatus, overall prevalence of Pallisentis was higher in males (53.77%) as compared to females (52.17%) whereas, relative density was higher in females (61.41%) than in males (52.72%). Intensity (2-3 parasite/host, in both sexes), density (1.36 in males and 1.69 in females) and infection index (0.73 in males and 0.88 in females) were recorded.
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Objective: To study the incidence of encysted progenetic metacercariae of Clinostomum complanatum (C. complanatum) in Channa punctatus (C. punctatus), associated histopathology and the experimental infection to laboratory chicken to obtain ovigerous adult worms. Methods:Live C. punctatus were brought from local fish market of Aligarh, India, dissected and examined on a monthly basis for the presence of C. complanatum cysts. For histochemistry, infected tissue sections with attached cysts were processed for haematoxylene and eosin staining. Cysts were aseptically fed to 4 day old leghorn chicken to obtain adult worms. Mechanically excysted metacercaria and the ovigerous adult worms were stained in carmine to prepare permanent slides. Results: One year survey for the infection of encysted progenetic metacercaria of C. complanatum in C. punctatus revealed the prevalence, intensity and abundance of 24.7%, 2.27 and 0.608, respectively. Histopathology showed heavy infiltration of immune cells at the site of cyst attachment and some tissue damage was also evident. Following feeding to experimental chicken, about 41.07%of the encysted metacercariae were able to excyst and migrate back to bucco-pharyngeal region where they tenaciously attached and fed on blood, and transformed into ovigerous adult worms from 62 hours onwards of post infection. Conclusions:The parasite is potentially pathogenic to the host, and the availability of a suitable intermediate host can be a contributing factor for the occurrence of C. complanatum metacercaria either in the excysted or encysted form, indicating loose host specificity and zoonotic potential.
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Channa punctatus was exposed to four different concentrations of Rutin, Taraxerol and Apigenin. Changes in some hematological parameters of Channa punctatus were assessed to determine the influence of these compounds on test fish. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations (80 percent of LC50 of 24h) of these compounds for one week. Control fish were also administered for one week. Thereafter, blood samples were obtained from the control and experimental fish. Blood was assayed for selected hematological parameters (hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count total plasma protein and plasma glucose concentration). The derived hematological indices of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were calculated. Sublethal concentrations of these compounds caused a dose dependent decrease in hemoglobin values coupled with a decrease in hematocrit values and red blood cell counts are an obvious indication of anemia. The total white blood cell counts and the differential white blood cell counts were decreased except for the lymphocytes, where there was a slight increase. Plasma protein and glucose were also lower in exposed fish when compared with control. The hematological indices MCH, MCHC, MCV were also lowered. The result from this study reveals high mortality rate and deleterious consequences on the health of fish subjected to acute exposure of Rutin, Taraxerol and Apigenin and therefore, should not be used directly in aquaculture without having the proper knowledge.
Channa punctatus foi exposta a quatro diferentes concentrações de Rutina, Taraxerol e Apigenina. Alterações de alguns parâmetros hematológicos da Channa punctatus foram acessados para determinar a influência destes compostos no peixe teste. Peixes foram expostos a concentrações sub-letais (80 por cento 0f LC50 em 24h) destes compostos por uma semana. Os peixes controles foram também expostos durante uma semana. A seguir, amostras de sangue foram obtidas do peixe controle e do experimental. O sangue foi estudado por parâmetros hematológicos selecionados (hematócrito, hemoglobina, contagem de células vermelhas e brancas, proteína plasmática total e concentração de glucose plasmática). Os índices hematológicos derivados da média da concentração corpuscular da hemoglobina (MCHC), a média de hemoglobina corpuscular (MCH) e a média de volume corpuscular (MCV), foram calculados. Concentrações sub-letais destes compostos causaram decréscimo dose-dependente dos valores da hemoglobina unidos a decréscimo de valores de hematócrito e das contagens de células sanguíneas vermelhas o que caracteriza indicação óbvia de anemia. As contagens totais de células brancas e a contagem diferencial destas células estavam diminuídas exceto pelos linfócitos que mostraram leve aumento. A proteína plasmática e a glicose estavam também baixas nos peixes expostos quando comparados com o controle. Os índices hematológicos MCH, MCHC, MCV estavam também diminuídos. Os resultados deste estudo revelam alto percentual de mortalidade e conseqüências deletérias à saúde de peixes submetidos à exposição aguda de Rutina, Talaxerol e Apigenina e portanto eles não devem ser usados diretamente em aquacultura sem conhecimento apropriado.
Subject(s)
Animals , Apigenin/pharmacology , Euphorbiaceae/chemistry , Oleanolic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Perciformes/blood , Rutin/pharmacology , Apigenin/isolation & purification , Erythrocyte Indices , Euphorbiaceae/classification , Oleanolic Acid/isolation & purification , Oleanolic Acid/pharmacology , Rutin/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
In Channa punctatus testicular regression commonly observed during spawning and postspawing phases of reproductive cycle. In the present study, testicular regression was frequently noticed in fish maintained under both long photoperiod-warm temperature (LD 16 : 8-300C) and short photoperiod-warm temperature (LD 8 : 16-30oC) regimes. Testicular regression was characterized by distortion of cellular boundary of lobules and formation of collagenous capsules containing degenerating germ cells, blood cells and colloidal mass within the lobules. The magnitude of testicular regression was more in fish exposed to short photoperiod regime (R-73.33%, SP-41.67%) than long photoperiod regime (R-50.83%, SP-19.16%) and control group (R-20.83%, SP-16.67%) in both resting (R) and spawning (SP) phases. Further, the frequency of testicular regression during resting phase was 73.33% (short photoperiod), 50.83% (long photoperiod) and 20.83% (control) whereas during spawning phase was 41.67% (short photoperiod) 19.16% (long photoperiod) and 16.67% (control). In the present study, occurrence of more testicular regression during resting phase than spawning phase may be due to change in the endogenous condition of the fish.
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Freshwater fish, Channa punctatus was exposed to sublethal concentration of a chloroacetanilide herbicide alachlor technical grade and lasso 50% EC for a period of 10 days. The histopathological changes in the gill include: necrosis, vacuolar degeneration, fusion and atrophy of primary and secondary gill lamellae. The tissue damages like degeneration of cytoplasm in hepatocytes, atrophy, formation of vacuoles, rupture in blood vessels and disposition of hepatic cords are the histopathological changes observed in the liver. The changes in the kidney include: necrosis, swelling of renal tubules, cellular hypertrophy and granular cytoplasm.
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Channa punctatus, an air-breathing freshwater teleost, mobilizes more protein for its energy requirement during summer and spawning months, as revealed by the data on endogenous nitrogen excretion in the form of ammonia-N, urea-N, free amino acids, creatinine and creatine.